Deep anatomy of semiconductor diode and its application

Electronic circuit different from previously learned the main characteristics of the circuit is the circuit into a variety of electronic devices. Many types of led high bay light, is currently the most widely used semiconductor devices - diodes, voltage regulator, transistors, insulated gate field effect tube. Since the task is not to study these courses the physical processes inside the device, but rather discuss their application, therefore, in a brief introduction of these devices on the basis of external characteristics, discuss their application circuit.
4.1 PN junction diode and semiconductor
4.1.1 PN junction unidirectional conductivity
We already know in physics in purified tetravalent semiconductor crystal material (mainly silicon and germanium) the incorporation of trivalent trace (such as boron) or pentavalent (e.g., phosphorus) element, the conductivity of semiconductors will be greatly enhanced . This is due to the formation of a conduction current capability carriers. Pentavalent element incorporated in a semiconductor majority carriers is a free electron, referred to as electronic semiconductor or a N-type semiconductor. The trivalent elements incorporated in a semiconductor majority carriers is a hole, called a hole semiconductor or a P-type semiconductor. In doped semiconductors majority carriers (known as multi-sub) doping concentration determined by the number, while the minority carriers (known as birth rate) number and temperature, and the temperature rises, the number of minority carriers will increase.
On a semiconductor substrate by an appropriate semiconductor process technology can form a P-type semiconductor and N type semiconductor junction surface, called the PN junction. PN junction with unidirectional conductivity: When the PN junction forward voltage, P-potential higher than the N-terminal end, PN junction narrow, formed by a number of the current sub-region by the N-region flow P, shown in Figure 4-1 (a), and when the PN junction reverse voltage, N terminal side potential higher than P, PN junction becomes wider, formed by the minority carrier current is very small, as cut-off (non-conductive), see Figure 4-1 ( b).



4.1.2 semiconductor diode
Semiconductor PN junction diode is coupled by an electrode lead and the corresponding package from the shell. Led by the P region called the anode electrode, N area leads to the electrode called a cathode. Because unidirectional conductive PN junction diode conduction when the current direction through the interior of the tube from the anode to the cathode. Many different types of diodes, according to material points, the most commonly used silicon tube and a germanium tube two kinds; according to the structure of points, little contact type, surface contact type and silicon planar several; by use of points, there are ordinary diodes, rectifier diodes, zener diodes, and other.
Figure 4-2 is a common diode symbol, structure and shape of the Fig. Diode symbol in Fig 4-2 (a) in Fig. Arrows indicate the direction of forward current. Usually in the diode tube shell surface is marked with the symbol or color point color circle to indicate the polarity of the diode, solid arrow symbol on the left is commonly used in engineering notation, the right symbol for the new requirements of the symbols. From the process structure, point contact diode (usually germanium tube) Fig 4-2 (b) which is characterized by the junction area is small, so the junction capacitance is small, the current is allowed to pass through a small, led high bay light for detection or small current of the rectifier, is used as a digital circuit in the switching element; surface contact type diode (usually silicon tube) Fig 4-2 (c) which is characterized by a large junction area, junction capacitance is large, than allowed by the current , suitable for low-frequency rectifier; silicon planar diode Figure 4-2 (d), the junction area can be used for large power rectifier, junction area is small, suitable for pulse digital circuits for switching tube.
4.1.3 diode volt-ampere characteristics
Diode current and voltage curve I = f (V), is called the diode voltage characteristics. Its volt-ampere characteristic curve shown in Figure 4-3. Diode is the core of a PN junction, with unidirectional conductivity, the actual voltage characteristics and theoretical volt-ampere characteristics slightly different. Figure 4-3 shows the diode volt-ampere characteristic curve is nonlinear, can be divided into three parts: the forward characteristics, the reverse characteristics and reverse breakdown characteristics
1 Forward Characteristics
When the applied forward voltage is low, the majority of the tubes of the diffusion of carriers do not form, the forward current is almost zero. When the forward voltage exceeds a certain value, the only significant forward current, the voltage value is called dead zone voltage, usually dead zone silicon tube voltage of about 0.5V, germanium tube deadband voltage of about 0.2V, when Forward voltage is greater than the dead-band, the forward current rapid growth of the curve close to straight up, this part of the volt-ampere characteristic, when the current increases rapidly, the diode's forward voltage drop is small, the forward voltage drop of the silicon tube about 0.6 ~ 0.7V, germanium's forward voltage drop of about 0.2 ~ 0.3V. Diode voltage characteristics are sensitive to temperature, the temperature rises, the forward curve to the left, shown in Figure 4-3, which shows the same size corresponding forward current, forward voltage drop with the temperature rise decreases. Studies have shown that the temperature is increased 10C, the forward voltage drop decreases 2mV.



2 Reverse Characteristics
Diode with reverse voltage, the formation of a small reverse current, and at a certain temperature, the number of its essentially unchanged, so that when reverse voltage is increased within a certain range, the reverse current is substantially constant size , regardless of the size with reverse voltage, it is called the reverse saturation current, generally low-power germanium tube reverse current up to tens of μA, while the low-power silicon tube reverse current is much smaller, usually in 0.1μA The following, when the temperature rises, the increase in the number of minority carriers, so that the reverse current increases, the characteristic curve down, studies have shown that the temperature is increased 100C, reverse current approximate doubling.
3 reverse breakdown characteristics
When the diode reverse voltage is greater than a certain value applied (reverse breakdown voltage), the reverse current suddenly increased dramatically called diode reverse breakdown. Reverse breakdown voltage is typically in the tens of volts or more
4.1.4 The main parameters of the diode
Except that the diode characteristic curve represents volt-ampere characteristic, the parameter also reflect the electrical properties of the diode, the device parameters are correct basis for selection and use of the device. Various device parameters given by the manufacturers product manuals, due to manufacturing process reasons, even if the same type of pipe, there are some parameters of dispersion, so manuals often give a range of parameters, the main parameters of a semiconductor diode There are several
1 Maximum rectified current IDM
IDM refers to the diode when the long-term work, allow the maximum average forward current. In use, if the current exceeds this value, the PN junction will overheat and burn the pipe
2 working peak reverse voltage VRM
VRM is not pipe the maximum allowable reverse breakdown voltage. Usually this parameter is the diode reverse breakdown voltage to half, if the reverse voltage exceeds this value, the tube will be a risk of breakdown.



3 Peak Reverse Current IRM
IRM is the diode reverse voltage VRM the reverse current value, IRM smaller diode unidirectional conductivity better. IRM greatly affected by temperature, used to be noted. Silicon tube reverse current is small, generally less in a few microamps, germanium tube reverse current is large, silicon tube tens to hundreds of times.
4. Maximum operating frequency ƒM
The applied high frequency AC voltage diode, since the PN junction capacitance effect, the role of uni-directional conducting degradation. ƒM unidirectional conducting means is a diode begins to significantly effect the frequency of the AC signal degradation.
4.1.5 Equivalent circuit of the diode and Application

The volt-ampere characteristic of the diode is non-linear, in order to facilitate the analysis and calculation, in certain conditions, we can be linearized, as ideal components.
1 ideal diode equivalent circuit
In the circuit, if the diode forward voltage drop, and it is much smaller than the voltage of the series element, the diode is turned off in parallel with the reverse current is much smaller than the current element can be omitted when the forward voltage drop and reverse tube current of the diode is idealized as a switch, when the applied forward voltage, the diode conduction, the forward voltage drop is 0, the equivalent of the switch is closed, when the applied reverse voltage, the diode is off, the reverse current is 0, the equivalent switch off, ideal diode equivalent circuit shown in Figure 4-4. Represents the actual use of the ideal diode diode circuit analysis and calculation can be drawn satisfactory results, but has a slight error.
2 diode application circuit examples
Diode wide range of applications are mainly one-way use of its electrical conductivity. Here are a few application circuit.
(1) The limiter circuit: limiter function is to limit the output voltage amplitude.
Example 4-1 Figure 4-5 (a) is the use as a forward diode limiter circuit. Known vi = Vmsinωt, and Vm> VS, test analysis works, and make the output voltage vo waveform.
Solution: a) diode conduction condition is vi> VS, because D is ideal diode, D Once turned on, the pressure drop is zero, then vo = VS
b) where vi ≤ VS, the diode off, disconnect the branch, R is no current, the voltage drop is 0. So vo = vi
c) Based on the above analysis, the waveform may be made vo Figure 4-5 (b) shows, seen from the figure, the amplitude of the output voltage is limited to positive values ​​in the VS.
Note: The plotted, vo and vi waveform on the timeline to correspond, so as to properly reflect the change process vo.
(2) diode gate circuit
Gate circuit is a logic circuit, the input signal (condition) and the output signal (result) exists between a causal relationship between the logic. The logic circuit, usually symbols 0 and 1 represent two opposite logic state. Expressed with a high level, with 0 denoting a low called positive logic, and vice versa for negative logic.
There are three basic logical relationships: with logic, or logic, not logic. And this corresponds to the AND gate circuits have, or gate, NAND gate. Gates of these three basic compound can form a variety of other gates.
Example 4-2 Figure 4-6 shows the most simple and logical AND gate circuit diagram symbols. It is composed of diodes D1, D2 and resistor R and the power supply VCC components. Figure A, B are the two inputs, F is output. Let VCC = 5V, A, B input high (logic 1) is 3V, low (logic 0) to 0V, and ignore the diodes D1, D2 of the forward voltage drop. Try to analyze the circuit between input and output.
Solution: (1) When the input terminal A, B are low 0, i.e. VA = VB = 0V, the diode D1, D2 are forward biased and conduction, so that the output voltage VF = 0V F , the output terminal F 0 is low.
(2) When the input terminal A is low 0, B 1 is high, that is, VA = 0V, VB = 3V, D1 is the cathode potential of the cathode potential is lower than D2, D1 is turned on, the VF = 0V, therefore D2 Deadline for the reverse bias, the output F low 0.
(3) When the input terminal A is high 1, B 0 is low, i.e. VA = 3V, VB = 0V when, D1, D2 and the work (2) Conversely, the output remains low F 0.
(4) When the input A, B are high 1:00, that when VA = VB = 3V, D1, D2 are forward biased by conduction, so that the output voltage of F VF = 3V, the output F is a high end one.
From the above analysis, only when all inputs are high for 1, the output is high one, otherwise output are low 0. This "decision a result of the event only if all the conditions are met, the results just happen" logical relationship is called with (And) logic AND gate circuit meets with logic. Also called logical multiplication and logical, and computing. Generally with the symbol "*" indicates that, let A, B, F, respectively, is a logic variable, and the operation of the expression can be written as follows:
F = A · B or F = AB
F is equal to the formula reads as A and B. Logic means: only the input variables A, B is 1, the output variable F will be 1; if A, B has a to 0, F it is 0. In other words, that is, "There is 0 0, all one one." This conclusion is also suitable for the participation of multiple variables and computing.
Table 4-1 lists the circuit shown in Figure 4-6 Input and output logic level relationship. However, analysis of the logic circuit, usually used to describe a logic 0 input and output relationship between the truth tables as listed (i.e. logic state table). The AND gate truth table shown in Table 4-2.
In addition, Figure 4-7 shows the OR gate circuit and logic diagram symbols. It is also composed of a diode and resistor. Figure A, B are two inputs, F is the output terminal. Let A, B input high (logic 1) is 3V, low (logic 0) to 0V, and ignore the diodes D1, D2 of the forward voltage drop. By analyzing the (detailed process readers can analyze) shows that as long as A, B, there is a is high (logic 1) output is high (logic 1). Only when A, B at the same time is low (logic 0), the output is low (logic 0). This "in determining the outcome of an event in all conditions, as long as there is one or more satisfied results occurs," the logic name or (Or) logic. OR gate circuit meets or logic.



Also called logical sum or logical or arithmetic. Generally by the symbol "+" to that set A, B, F, respectively logic variable, or the operation of the expression can be written in the form:
F = A + B
F is equal to the formula reads as A or B. Logic or meaning is: only the input variables A, B has one or more of 1, the output variable F is 1; otherwise, only A, B are all 0, F only 0. In other words, that is, "There is a 1, the entire 0 0." This conclusion is also suitable for the participation of more than one variable or expression
Table 4-3 lists the circuit shown in Figure 4-7 Input and output logic level relationship. Table 4-4 of the OR gate truth table.
4.2 Special Diodes
In addition to the ordinary diode, there are some special diodes, such as zener diodes, photodiodes, light emitting diodes, etc., are described below.
4.2.1 regulator
The regulator is a special surface contact type semiconductor silicon diode, with a stable voltage. Figure 4-8 (a) as a regulator in the circuit connecting the right way; Figure (b) and Figure (c) is the regulator of the volt-ampere characteristics and graphic symbols. Zener diodes with common main difference is that the regulator is operated at a reverse breakdown PN junction state. Through the manufacturing process and the use of technical measures to limit the reverse current size, can guarantee the reverse breakdown state regulator will not damage due to overheating. From the regulator of the reverse characteristic curve can be seen, when the reverse voltage is small, the reverse current is almost zero, when the reverse voltage is increased to the breakdown voltage Vz (also zener voltage), the reverse current Iz (regulator operating current) increases dramatically, the regulator reverse breakdown. In characteristic curve ab segment, when Iz in a wide range of changes, the voltage across the regulator Vz essentially the same, with a constant voltage characteristics, use of this feature can play a role in stabilizing the voltage.



Zener diodes are not in general the same, it's reverse breakdown is reversible, do not exceed the permissible value regulator, PN junction will not overheat and damage, after the removal of the applied reverse voltage, the regulator to restore the original performance, so the regulator has a good breakdown characteristics repeated.
Regulator of the main parameters are:
1 stable voltage VZ. VZ regulated voltage regulator means normal operation, the voltage across the tube, due to the manufacturing process reasons, there is a certain voltage value dispersion, such as 2CW14 regulator is 6.0 ~ 7.5V.
(2) dynamic resistance rz. Dynamic resistance is the regulator within the normal operating range, the terminal voltage corresponding to the current amount of change of the ratio of the amount of change.



The reverse features the regulator steeper, rZ smaller, the better the performance regulator
3. Stable current IZ. Regulator of normal working hours of the reference current value, only I ≥ IZ, in order to ensure a better regulator regulator performance.
4 Maximum stable current IZmax. Allows the maximum reverse current, I> IZmax tube will be damaged by overheating.
5 The maximum allowable power dissipation PZM. Tubes thus preventing thermal breakdown of the maximum power dissipation PZM = VZ IZmax
6 Voltage Temperature Coefficient αV. 10C when the temperature changes, the regulated voltage is defined as the percentage change in the voltage temperature coefficient. Voltage temperature coefficient is smaller, the better temperature stability, typically silicon tube voltage VZ is lower than 4V has a negative temperature coefficient higher than 6V, have a positive temperature coefficient, VZ between the 4 ~ 6V, the temperature coefficient is small.
Regulator working conditions are two, one is working in reverse breakdown state, the second is the current regulator to stabilize between the current and the maximum allowable current. When the regulator is biased, it is equivalent to an ordinary diode. Figure 4-8 (a) the most common of the regulator circuit, when Vi changes, or RL, the regulator of the current changes, but in a certain range of changes in the terminal voltage is small, so the output voltage stabilizes effect. (The circuit analysis, see 4.4)
4.2.2 photodiode
Photodiode known photodiode. It's equipped with a glass tube shell window, in order to accept the light. Characterized in that, when light is irradiated on its PN junction, can be paired to generate free electrons and holes, the semiconductor in the concentration of minority carriers increased. These carriers at a certain reverse bias voltage can be generated under the action of drift current, reverse current increases. So it's the reverse current with light intensity increases linearly, then the photodiode is equivalent to a constant current source. When there is no light, the photodiode voltage characteristics as ordinary diode. The equivalent circuit is shown in the photodiode 4-9 (a), shown in Figure 4-9 (b) the sign of the photodiode.



Dark Current: without illumination of the reverse saturation current. General <1μA.
Photocurrent: refers to the nominal illumination reverse current, typically tens of milliamps.
Sensitivity: means at a given wavelength (eg 0.9μm) units of optical power, the photocurrent generated in the photodiode. General ≥ 0.5μA/μW.
Peak wavelength: the photodiode with the highest response sensitivity (light current maximum) of the optical wavelength. The peak wavelength of the photodiode generally in the visible and infrared range.
Response time: refers to the quantitative increase illumination, the light stability of the current value reaches 63% of the time, usually 10-7S.
Photodiode as light control element can be used to detect a variety of objects, photoelectric control, automatic alarm and so on. When made of a large area photodiode, can be used as a source of energy and called optical cell. At this point it does not require external power, the light energy directly into electricity.
4.2.3 Light Emitting Diode

Light emitting diode is a direct conversion of electrical energy into light energy of a semiconductor display device of the solid, referred to LED (Light Emitting Diode). And similar general diode, light emitting diodes but also by a structure of a PN. PN junction light emitting diode encapsulated in a transparent plastic case, form a square, rectangular and circular, etc.. Light-emitting diodes low drive voltage, current is small, has a strong anti-vibration and shock resistance, small size, high reliability, low power consumption and long life, etc., are widely used in signal indication circuits. Commonly used in the electronic digital control technology, is to use light-emitting diodes are arranged according to a certain composition



The principle of the light emitting diode and a photodiode opposite. When this forward bias current through the tube emits light, which is due to electron-hole recombination, when a direct result of energy released. Its relatively narrow spectral range, the wavelength used by the basic material may be. Type semiconductor material of the light-emitting diodes emit light of different colors, such as gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) red or yellow material, gallium phosphide (GaP) red or green material, gallium nitride (GaN) materials blue light, silicon carbide (SiC) materials emit yellow, gallium arsenide (GaAs) material of not visible in the infrared.
Light-emitting diode symbol shown in Figure 4-10. Its similar volt-ampere characteristic and the general diode, the dead voltage is 0.9 ~ 1.1V, the forward voltage of 1.5 ~ 2.5V, operating current of 5 ~ 15mA. Reverse breakdown voltage is low, generally less than 10V.
4.3 diode rectifier and filter circuit
Circuit, typically requires a stable voltage DC power supply. The composition of low-power power supply Figure 4-11 can be said that it is by the power transformer, rectifier, filter and regulator circuit composed of four parts.



The power adapter is the AC mains voltage into the required voltage, and then the AC voltage by the rectifier circuit into a pulsating DC voltage. Because of this pulsating DC voltage also contain large ripple, must be filtered through a filter circuit to obtain a smoothed DC voltage. But also with the grid such that the voltage swings (generally about ± 10% fluctuations), load and temperature changes. Thus the rectifier filter circuit, the regulator circuit is also to pick up. The role of the regulator circuit when the voltage fluctuations, load, and temperature changes, the output DC voltage to maintain stability.
4.3.2 filter circuit
Although the AC rectifier circuit into led high bay light,  but the output is pulsating voltage. Pulsating voltage change of this size, in addition to containing the DC component, but also contains different frequency AC component, which can not meet the majority of electronic equipment for the power requirements. To improve the rectified voltage pulsation, improve the smoothness, the rectifying circuit in the filter will be added. Here are some commonly used filter circuit.
1 capacitor filter circuit
Capacitor filter circuit is the simple filter which is the output of the rectifier circuit in parallel with the load which consists of a capacitor C. Figure 4-15 (a) shows.



Filter capacitor is charged by the capacitor discharge to filter out the AC component. Figure 4-15 (b) a waveform diagram showing the waveform of the broken line half-wave rectified waveform. Into the capacitor C after v2> 0, D is turned on, the power supply at the same time to the RL, also the C rechargeable energy storage, since the charging time constant is small (winding resistance and diode forward resistance is very small) , charge quickly, with the output voltage vo v2 rise, when vC = after, v2 v2 vC began to decline when C has been charged vo = v2 rose again. Until v2



To achieve the formula (4-10) between the value, the output voltage obtained relatively straight, the general requirements



Where T is the period of the AC voltage supply.
In addition, since the diode conduction time is short (conduction angle is less than 1800), the average current of the capacitor is zero, showing the average diode current and the load current is equal to the average, so the diode current peak inevitably large, resulting in current impact, easy to damage the pipe.
Rectifier with capacitive filter diode in the circuit, the maximum reverse voltage of the half-wave and full-wave rectifier circuit is not equal. In the half-wave rectifier circuit, taking into account the most severe cases are output open circuit, capacitors filled with V2m, and v2 in the amplitude of the negative half-cycle, the time suffered 2V2 diode reverse voltage. It is compared with no filter capacitor, increasing doubled.
For single-phase bridge rectifier circuits, with or without a filter capacitor, diode maximum reverse voltage is V2.
About the filter capacitor values ​​should be selected depending on the size of the load current. Usually in the tens to thousands of microfarads microfarad capacitor voltage value should be greater than the maximum output voltage. Usually polar capacitors.

More info you can visit: www.lead-lighting.com

Solar LED Lighting Introduction

Today's world, oil, coal, natural gas and other major energy resource depletion are facing the danger, while also increasing environmental pressures, therefore, environmental protection, energy conservation has become a worldwide businesses strive for the goal.
Solar energy is a clean, green energy, semiconductor light-emitting diode (LED) is an environmentally friendly, energy efficient solid-state light source. Solar energy as on Earth truly inexhaustible supply of clean energy, will be the next best new green energy, at present its use is an effective way to use photovoltaic technology to convert solar energy into electrical energy. LED is a capable electrical energy into visible light semiconductor devices, by virtue of its non-polluting energy saving features have been used in many sectors of the lighting field, so integrated solar photovoltaic and LED solid-state lighting advantages of solar LED high bay light systems to achieve a generation of new sources of energy and the perfect combination.
1 solar photovoltaic power generation principle:
Solar power is a solar cell module, using the electronic characteristic of the semiconductor material, the sunlight when the PN junction in a semiconductor, the P-N junction barrier zone produced a strong built-in electrostatic field, resulting in a potential barrier zone or the non-equilibrium electrons and holes generated outside the barrier but the potential barrier region diffused into the non-equilibrium electrons and holes, the built-in under the action of the electrostatic field, each moving in the opposite direction, leaving the potential barrier region, Results rise in potential of the P region, N-area potential reduced, thus the external voltage and current generated in the circuit, the light energy into electrical energy.
Solar photovoltaic systems can be divided into two categories, one is the grid system, namely the utility grid and is connected through a standard interface, such as a small power plant; another is independent of the power generation system, namely in their own closed circuit is formed within the system. And power generation system through the PV array to the received solar radiation energy through conversion into a high frequency DC current, through the inverter to the grid after the inverter output frequency with the grid voltage, phase sinusoidal AC current. The stand-alone photovoltaic array power system will first receives solar radiation energy directly into electrical energy supplied to the load, and the excess energy through the charge controller to the form of chemical energy stored in the battery.
2. LED lighting technology features:
An LED is a P-N junction in the forward current is applied to emit ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared light, a semiconductor solid-state light-emitting device. Its light emission mechanism is the core of P-N junction, when the applied forward voltage, P-N junction balance is broken, P District holes into the P-N junction and in the original part of the anion, N electrons into the P-region N junction and in a part of the original positive ions, thus making the P-N junction is narrowed, since the electric field applied field was reduced P-N junction, causing the reduction of electrical potential to reduce the potential energy is converted to electromagnetic energy, photon form of release. More energy electron reduction, the higher photon energy release.
LED semiconductor lighting source in addition to a long life, high luminous efficiency, small size, light weight, environmentally safe and reliable, there is a significant advantage is the starting voltage and the LED working voltage, so without the use of ballasts. Such savings in cost and energy consumption, but also greatly reduce the response time of the pass off.
3 The combination of solar energy and LED lighting
Solar photovoltaic and LED lighting technology is the key to the perfect combination of both with direct current, low voltage and can match each other. Therefore, the combination does not require direct current generated by solar cells into alternating current, thus greatly improving the overall efficiency of lighting systems. At the same time, by means of the use of grid technology or battery charge and discharge energy to make it more obvious advantages. With the in-depth study related technologies, LED luminous efficiency is increasing, high brightness LED going to come out, is bound to replace general lighting electric light, and significant energy savings and pollution.
Solar LED lighting products is a new generation of green lighting products, its main components include solar photovoltaic (PV technology) and semiconductor lighting (LED).
At present, solar lighting products, though there have been some manufacturers to develop products, and put into practical application, but because of LED power, its use is very restricted. With the high brightness LED high bay light efficiency rapidly increasing environmental awareness as well as people continue to strengthen energy, solar lighting products will play its zero-energy, non-polluting characteristics, and its applications will continue to expand.
Green energy and sustainable development issues facing humanity this century is a major issue, as well as the development of new energy sources fully rational use of existing energy governments have been highly valued. At present, solar energy utilization technology and semiconductor lighting industry has the technology to develop new period began entering the commercialization stage, involving products include street lighting, traffic signals, landscape lighting, garden decoration. It is foreseeable that sets a new generation of solar energy and new light semiconductor lighting industry will be rapid development and sparked a new era of green lighting.

More info you can visit:www.lead-lighting.com

LED lighting performance advantages compared with traditional lighting lamps and lanterns

With LED lighting technology becomes more mature, more performance compared to traditional lighting has become increasingly evident advantages out, coupled with strong government support, I believe that soon every household LED high bay light, LED indoor lighting market about to open, manufacturers are ready for it?
      Then the LED lighting compared to other traditional lighting has shown the advantages, what does? Fang Tian Technology for your analysis, as demonstrated by the following:

      1.LED high luminous efficiency

      Luminous efficiency comparison: incandescent, halogen light efficiency is 12-24 lm / W, fluorescent light 50-70 lm / W sodium lamp 90-140 lm / W, LED can reach 50-200 lumens / watt. Plus the LED light color is good, narrow spectrum, without filtering, can be sent directly colored visible light. While most of the other lighting products power into heat loss.

      2.LED light less power consumption

      Power LED single tube 0.03-0.06 W, DC drives, single-tube drive voltage 1.5-3.5 volts. Reflect the current 15-18 mA fast in high frequency operation, used in the same lighting effect in the case, the power consumption is one ten thousandth of incandescent fluorescent tubes half of Japan estimates, such as using even higher optical efficiency than fluorescent 2-fold half of Japan LED replacement of incandescent and fluorescent lamps, the annual savings equivalent to 6 billion liters of crude oil, the same effect of a fluorescent 40 watts, while the use of LED only 8 watts of power each .

      3.LED light, long life

      Incandescent, fluorescent, halogen is the use of electronic light field radiation emitting filament light easy to burn, heat deposition, the light attenuation characteristics, and the use of LED high bay light.  small size, light weight, epoxy resin, high strength to withstand mechanical shock and shock, not broken, the average life expectancy of 100,000 hours, LED lamp life of up to 5-10 years, can significantly lower lighting maintenance costs alone to avoid the pain of frequent lamp replacement.

      4.LED light strong security and reliability

      Low heat, no heat radiation, cold light source, can be safely arrived touch, can accurately control the light pattern and light angle, light color, and, no glare, no mercury, sodium and other potential health hazards of substances.

      5.LED light Environmentally

      LED high bay light for the whole solid, impact resistance, unbreakable, recyclable waste, no pollution, reduce the amount of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen compounds and other harmful gases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases as well as improving people's living environment generated, can be called "green lighting."

      LED light source has a lot more features, although the LED light source expensive than traditional light sources, but with one year investment in energy-saving light sources to recover, resulting in 4-9 years, energy efficiency several times a year, so the prospects are very good LED, LED lighting instead of traditional lighting is the trend, let us join the wave of LED lighting, which bars.

More info you can visit: www.lead-lighting.com

Comparison of incandescent lamp, energy-saving lamps, LED bulbs

Incandescent, energy saving lamps, LED bulbs compare
    40W incandescent lamp luminous flux 340lm, while 5W energy saving lamp luminous flux 300-350lm around, and now LED bulbs can be up to 160lm per watt or more, but under normal 110-120lm so, perhaps when the LED high bay light technology is more advanced cases next, LED lumens per watt bulb will be higher. So 5W 40W incandescent and energy-saving lamps, 3W LED bulb which is the highest price it?


    Chart table is calculated according to 30000h, from the total purchase cost point of view, Incandescent 30 * 1.8 yuan / month = 54 yuan, energy saving lamps 10 * 12 yuan / month = 120 yuan, LED lamp 1 * 30 yuan / month = $ 30, the total cost of ordinary energy-saving lamps expensive; view from electricity, electricity incandescent highest 624 yuan; LED bulbs lowest 46.8 yuan; total price of the same is the high cost of incandescent and LED bulbs cost minimum.
     Today, LED bulbs prices gradually declined every year, then costs will also reduce, so from a cost point of view, the use of LED high bay light are the most efficient. Just a lot of friends taking into account the initial purchase price is too expensive, but not a long-term considerations, such as the number and use of electricity generated, focus only on the immediate interests. Overall, the most cost-effective use of LED light bulbs. Post by LED panel light finishing, Copyright Austrian a special LED lighting manufacturer!

More info you can visit:www.lead-lighting.com

Flocking listed in gross margin decline LED flash alert "scale economy"

Listed sprint from the collective to the vigorous capital expansion, a light-emitting diode (LED) industry in the Great Leap Forward was staged fiery end. Correspondingly, due to increasing competition, the industry has begun to decline in gross margins, industry is facing a structural crisis of overproduction, the relevant listed companies and investors when vigilance "diseconomies of scale" phenomenon.
EVERFINE Optoelectronic Information, Inc. on December 20 starting passed, LED plate Adds newcomer. Before this month, has Jufei Optoelectronics Co., Ltd. of Shenzhen City, Shenzhen Mason Technologies Co., Ltd., mayor of Shenzhen Semiconductor Lighting Co., Ltd., Liard Optoelectronics Co., Ltd. have been starting over would.
This year, Lehman optoelectronics, Hongli Opto-electronic, Chau Ming Technology, Alto electronics, Ruifeng power LED high bay light industry and other companies have taken the lead in capital markets. Compared with the traditional lighting, LED lighting highlight the advantages of energy saving, the future market is considered a mainstream technology. But the industry has excess capacity in the context of the continuous influx of large amounts of capital is also worrying. Reporters noted that the collective assault listed in the new company, while listed companies have also started expansion plans. Honglitronic to be adopted by the newly established wholly-owned subsidiary in Guangzhou Huadu Airport voted to build a high-tech industrial base application and development of LED products production base, a total investment of 266 million yuan. Dongshan Precision intends to original LED business for a substantial expansion, expected expansion will make the LED grain production capacity will reach 3 billion, LED backlight module production capacity to 4.5 million units. ST and Sweet also recently revealed extraordinary general meeting approved a wholly owned subsidiary invested 836 million yuan in the construction of Jiangmen LED wafer production projects. Then count the previously announced capital expansion of BDO Runda, Alto electronics, Topband shares Tiantonggufen other companies, since this year to expand production capacity of the LED companies abound.
Vigilance is needed, one seemingly unlimited prospects, reasonable layout of the project, combined constitute the whole industry chain, the irrational expansion. The context of overcapacity continued expansion, not only in basic chemicals, paper and printing, food and beverage and other traditional industries, have begun to spread in the LED and other emerging industries.
Data show that in 2011 China's LED industry output value is expected to reach 154 billion yuan, an increase of 22%, while production increased by over 50%. However, when the output value of high yield growth since the third quarter gross margin has bright LED industry

Significant decline, some listed companies have to face the dilemma of income does not increase profits. Three quarterly data show that the first three quarters of Lehman photoelectric consolidated gross profit margin 29%, down 9.29 percentage points, mainly due to the LED packaging and LED display industry becoming more competitive, prices continued to decline. Country star power but also because product prices, gross profit margin decline is expected 2011 annual net profit decline of 5% to 25%.
As the "second five" plan an important part of energy-saving environmental protection industry, LED high bay light has been given a splendid imagination. But many people in the industry have begun to worry about the price downside risk that investment planning and construction of production capacity has far exceeded the actual market demand, the industry is caught in a structural crisis of overproduction.
Orient Securities researcher Zhou Jun in the evaluation of LED enterprises concentrated market, said: "This phenomenon he explains the industry's rapid growth, increase financing channels, but also reflects the current sluggish economic environment, LED shortage of funds of enterprises. Sprint is listed on the company to raise a lot of money through the difficult times in order to take advantage of expanded scale the only way to survive. "Overall, LED industry chain overheated investment revealed that next year the domestic industry overall survival situation is not optimistic, lack of strength in the core technology and industry standards is not perfect under the premise of listed companies to raise funds using the massive construction projects, not only exacerbated the industry in the fierce fighting, protect the interests of small investors are also worrying.

More info you can visit:www.lead-lighting.com

Many factors hinder the LED energy saving way

Recently, the Commerce Department responsible person, "Twelve Five" period, for in the country built a large number of energy-efficient large shopping malls, supermarkets and green hotels. News a retail energy business of the road once again causing concern.
For labor, hire no longer the province of hypermarkets, power is the only way out of their savings. Reporters visited the site found that energy conservation will not only become the mantra of the retail business, but also tangible manner. However, retail stores in Dongguan LED lights is not widely used.
Retail LED energy-saving promotion of the road
Retail energy marketing of the road is difficult, for this, Kwong Chi-hung deep.
As fancy LED industry and broad prospects, three years ago, as Nokia, Apple, Amazon and other companies foundry shell, has a stable income Kwong Chi-hung, set up in Dongguan Jinyang energy technology company, specializing in the production of LED high bay light. In its inception, Kwong Chi-hung it clearly recognized that small businesses get government projects, only to target the commercial areas, and commercial areas, the first is the retail business, real estate, underground parking in these areas.

"Store rents, labor costs and lighting three blocks, only lighting costs can be compressed." Kwong Chi-hung, said the mall venue rental and labor costs have gone up every year, how provincial and save for it, but lighting a cost, however, this by replacing lighting facilities to compress costs, because malls have the lights on all day long, the overall high cost of doing lighting, which is where the store must be cost-effective.
It is seen that, Kwong Chi Hung began to promote energy efficiency in the retail business of the road.
"Talk of cooperation is the first enterprise Fu Sheng Qing Town, local enterprises department." Kwong Chi-hung said that compared to traditional lights is, LED lights cost a great one-time investment, so in order to get each other's trust, Kwong Zhixiong using half free trial, to promote to them, try holding the mentality to accept each other, and six months after the stores all use LED energy-saving lamps. The effect of word of mouth continue to appear in the later, the boss gave Kuang Fu Sheng Chi Hung introduced the day department store in Shenzhen, Dongguan, SPAR part of a franchise owner, Kwong Chi-hung quickly negotiated these larger projects. Subsequent years, one after another with Graceland steamed goods, Agile Property and other large enterprises to achieve cooperation.
"Overall, however, are some of the local stores or franchise monomer using LED lights, large chain stores are basically not spend LED lighting." Kwong Chi-hung said that in his company before the establishment of Dongguan retail industry began to use energy-saving lamps, but three years later, the majority of retail stores in Dongguan still use a few years ago of the lamp.
"Downright" chain of hypermarkets
As Kwong Chi Hung said, Dongguan retail enterprises currently use LED energy-saving lamps are not many. Among the few companies in this Wal-Mart is one of them.
Wal-Mart Dongguan relevant person in charge told reporters recently, Wal-Mart has been committed to building energy saving shopping malls, from last year, new stores lighting systems are used in LED high bay light.  Wal-Mart in Dongguan Among the existing seven stores, there are several home have to spend a LED energy-saving lamps. For example, Tangxia shop uses a lot of energy saving facilities, such as installation of LED energy-saving lamps, energy-saving induction freezer is frozen cabinets, lights only when someone is after.
"A set of common energy-saving lamps, the market price of 200 yuan, while a set of LED lights is as high as 800 yuan." The official admitted that stores use LED lights, for the first time in volume very great. But the LED lights used in the store than ever T5 energy saving lamps more than 30% in the long term return on investment is good.
Reporter recently found that, in addition to Wal-Mart, as well as rich or department stores and other local retail stores use LED lights monomer addition, the majority of retail enterprises in Dongguan is still in use a few years ago T5, T8 energy-saving lamps, and some stores even still use the traditional incandescent lamps.
"We have a retail store or indeed an ordinary incandescent energy saving lamp-based, only a small portion of the public areas with LED lights." A large home appliance chain stores relevant responsible person admits, in its current nearly 20 home stores, stores in are all used in ordinary incandescent festival, so a few years ago, a few years later, still using the same lighting.
In fact, there are also other appliance stores the same situation. Multivariate extension of the road to impede energy reading
For such a power-saving lights, why not join the retail business, "discernment"? Is it true, as the outside world says, retail enterprises in Dongguan lack of awareness of the LED caused it? Recently, the reporter visited the site found that a number of factors led to the retail business of the road was temporarily saving "stranded."
Factor 1: early difficulties huge capital investment
"First funds invested too much more difficult to accept." An unnamed foreign retail sources said two years ago, its use within the store was relatively energy-efficient T8 lamps, lighting equipment replaced after another this year, but not LED lights, but the replacement became T5 energy saving lamps.
The source said, LED lights are far better than T5 energy saving lamp a lot, but the cost of pre-investment so that they gave up the idea.

Another local retailers have also admitted that lack of awareness is not the LED is indeed too much money because of pre-occupation. For example, he said, with the most common LED high bay light to calculate, it's price is now using energy-saving lamps 2-4 times, the need for funds in the retail industry, rapid flow of the money will be enormous.
Two factors: poor quality products lead to a crisis of confidence
Of course, in addition to the cost of pre-pressure, low barriers to entry due to the current LED, resulting in a large number of workshop-style cottage factories came into being. Inferior products flooding the market, so this series of disorderly competition weakened business confidence in this market.
"For example, you go to Chang'an an electronic market, just a few small shop, you can buy the necessary assembly parts, and even assembly instructions." An LED industry insiders told reporters, to spend a few dollars, you can I buy all parts assembled into a set of so-called LED lights.
According to insiders, a rough estimate of the LED factory in Dongguan probably hundreds of people, nearly 100, and a dozen people to dozens of people, ranging from LED plant has nearly 1,000. As the LED industry, there is no industry standard, inferior products everywhere, with a low price to the impact of normal business products, and because of poor performance and damage to the LED industry's overall reputation. "LED products tried before, but the effect is not ideal." An unnamed source said the local retail industry, previously tried these products, but did not imagine the ideal, it is their time being "stranded" Using LED One of the reasons light.
Another foreign retailers have also said that although the market there are many energy-saving LED lights, but after some trial and found the manufacturing process quality, ROI, etc. is not yet mature, unable to meet the needs and requirements of the store, it is also has been under observation.
Three factors: the relative profitability model deformity
Compared to department stores, supermarkets and other retail enterprises, according to the reporter, Dongguan appliance chain stores are currently no stores all use an LED interior lighting.
"The reason why no large-scale appliance stores use LED lights, is caused because of its profit model," a home appliance industry have pointed out a long time, appliance stores appliance manufacturers by charging passage fees, rent and other earnings, for example, existing appliance stores stores, basically conduct an annual "upgrade", and this upgrade is that each appliance manufacturers to its location in the store selection bit tender to the highest bidder, after the election bits, where each appliance manufacturers responsible for its own Location of fitting out.
For these reasons, appliance stores stores will be upgraded every year, will be renovated, LED kind of upfront capital investment, at least two or three years to recover the cost and energy-efficient systems to generate returns, naturally not into appliance stores "discernment. . "

More info you can visit:www.lead-lighting.com

In 2013 China's LED industry growth expectations

2012 is the development of LED industry ups and downs of the year, despite the continuing turmoil in the international macroeconomic situation, the domestic industrial investment situation is still grim, but all sectors of China's LED industry still maintained a certain growth rate. First quarter of 2013, China's semiconductor lighting industry's overall growth conditions become one of the industry's most concern, according to surveys, LED high bay light industry, most of the firms are in the overall growth for 2013 is expected to still relatively optimistic, in which 37% respondents believe that in 2013 China's semiconductor lighting industry will maintain the increase in the 20% to 30%, and growth was essentially flat with 2012; 29% of the respondents believe that growth will slow down, that industrial production rate will remain at 10% to 20%; 16% of the respondents chose the growth rate of 30% to 50%; addition, Jin Yicheng respondents predicted growth rate of over 50%.

Reason for optimism is that, first, the policy environment has become the main driving force of industrial development stage. In recent years, the national policy to keep the application side tilt, coupled with the rapid growth of China's LED market, at present, China has become a huge potential semiconductor lighting applications and global markets of most concern. Demonstration and application projects favorable policies for the next step in boosting the application of LED products leading the direction and promotion, but also to the development of China's semiconductor lighting industry in the market and policy obtained under wheel drive sustained momentum. According to the National Semiconductor Lighting Project R & D and Industry Alliance (CSA) Statistics data show that in 2012 industrial scale reached 192 billion yuan, compared with 156 billion yuan in 2011 increased 23%, although growth has slowed, but the key technologies breakthrough, but also the relative growth in 2013 is expected to maintain the situation. Echoes with this expectation is that, for the second half of 2011 has been a downturn in the LED lighting market, the majority of respondents expressed optimism that accompanied the LED lighting technology progress and policy support and other positive factors, the emergence of market rebound great possibility.

Second, in recent years, China's LED lighting industry investment has been showing rapid growth, although in 2012 significantly changed the investment structure, investment accounted epitaxial silicon decreased, while the application investment has increased dramatically, and thus become the largest concentration of semiconductor lighting investment industry links, followed by investment package, but in this for the 2013 China's LED high bay light industry investment survey, there are still nearly half of the respondents believe that in 2013 China's LED lighting industry, there is a structural over-investment, 30% of respondents believe that there is a whole overheating, while only 16% of respondents believe that in 2013 the volume of investment and demand matching (Figure 2). Lot of money into the semiconductor lighting industry, pushing up the speed of development of the industry, while investment sparked concerns about overheating, but anyway, with the 2012 adjustment of investment structure, investment in China's semiconductor lighting industry will become increasingly rational, more prominent applications competitive advantages that are conducive to further enhance China's semiconductor lighting industry's overall competitiveness.

More info you can visit：www.lead-lighting.com

LED enterprises: who is your "partner in China"

Recently, the New Oriental founder Michael Yu, Xu Xiaoping as the prototype to the interpretation of the "Chinese partner" since the release, all the way up the box office, and spawned many business leaders continue to resonate hot. Indeed, the development of private enterprises in China for 30 years, "partner" can be described as an interesting "commercial phenomenon" and a few, then the LED industry, who are like-minded and can complement each other "partner" mean ?

Seems to be catching the Internet and real estate compared to other industries, the lighting industry seemed to be somewhat low-key and quiet, more like accustomed to "To Each" while true sense of integration is also not without, reporters had to understand to the industry two traditional lighting companies have had a "whole and as an" idea, after all, to get a better unite +1> 2 market competitiveness, but it comes to the end, everything is ready, because encountered a "Who do the boss," the nature of the problem and ultimately deterred.

As for the current pattern of LED high bay light industry, the enterprise and inter-enterprise integration and cooperation has become an irreversible trend, "LED is developing too fast, and more emphasis on speed, professionalism, flexibility and innovation, only cooperation can make effective maximize ", especially in 2013, the real estate development has entered a critical period of consolidation, companies need changing market resilience and agility, business model requires collaboration between industry chain vertical and horizontal multilateral cooperation, those who borrow each other of the enterprises, but also know how to use each other's merits symbiotic.

"The idea is good, but the key is to be able to break through the mindset," an entrepreneur said so, he believes that in the current stage of rapid development of industry, companies must change the confrontational former low-level concept of competition, which may have to win thinking more latitude to choose the best multi-level partners to cooperate to optimize the allocation of resources to enhance the competitiveness of enterprises.

First, there are differences in product positioning and can complementary advantages of resources between enterprises, with significant collaboration, such as a manufacturer of outdoor LED lighting products based manufacturers, and another main indoor lighting manufacturers, advertising and marketing can work together to channel sharing, or each other's products into their brochure, or in the hall with counters show two different products to integrate their forces to save operating costs and quickly develop the market.

While the same place within a region also has a collaborative conditions, such as in Foshan, Osram said that in the light, the light source, power supply and other components fields, Foshan enterprises can either become their suppliers, but Osram also willing to become Foshan enterprises suppliers, and the country star power, snow Wright, Foshan Lighting, several local companies have been listed lighting with OSRAM launched supporting cooperation.

There are also some sharp thinking LED business tentacles extended to the cross-industry integration extends on an enterprise organized in the near future "LED commercial lighting technology seminar era", the reporter found that not only is the lighting industry companies participating in meetings, but there are cross-sector and cross-border involvement refrigeration architectural industry enterprises, and, "We are LED manufacturers and distributors to discuss solutions to better serve our customers," "We offer our customers not only lamps, not just control system, is the result and the client after full discussion, according to the specific needs of various customers, build financial LED lighting and intelligent control in one of the personalized intelligent LED commercial lighting systems, "Obviously, with such inter taken the lighting industry world "partner" and common development, operators need to have a strong "webs" capability and the ability to integrate industry resources extension.

"In the future many products may differ from the Internet combine to give full play and the use of LED high bay light control advantages of using networking and Internet technologies," there are people in the industry published this perspective, the future of LED will be extended to wider areas, such as Philips Chinese Academy Ph.D., director, says researcher Wang Jianfeng, Philips Lighting solutions are integrated into smart cities, buildings and home field to the field of intelligent buildings, the lighting will be with the air conditioning system, security, curtains and other various systems to establish internal relations and Unicom integrated into a collective platform. If so, at this time, "partner" concept probably had more than just a dealer or distributor, and became another area builders.

2013, international and domestic enterprises were also looking for their mutual partner, not long ago, Samsung Electronics and Zhejiang and Hui lighting on matters relating to cooperation in the field of LED lighting signed a strategic cooperation agreement; Taiwan enterprises billion light breaking through the Taiwan enterprises "Do not grab the customer with the customer" philosophy begins with focus in Shanghai organized marketing system to develop the mainland channels; while the Chinese leading manufacturers Linsen LED package, but also to light family (MLS) this new brand kicked into the Taiwan market, on the other side found his partner.

Look at the traditional lighting companies, according to the Buddha, also known as "at the right time may be taken under the acquisition mode, to speed up the pace in the LED lighting", it was acquired by Shanghai Yaming San Lanna Industrial Co., Ltd. in 2012 already achieved total income of 286 million yuan; addition, BDO Runda also intended leveraging NVC channels, expanding indoor LED market.

In fact, comprehensive view, if one side is there is a clear advantage of the brand and the terminal channels of large enterprises, one is LED technology has advantages and characteristics of SMEs, such a partnership is more distinctive combination of "complementarity" through technology and effective integration of resources, "integration" together together, for both partners is a win-win situation.

A whole industry chain model of lighting applications such enterprises, said: "If we are going to acquisitions or partnerships, will be considered from 100 million to 200 million yuan scale downstream lighting companies, and will first be given to those businesses have complementary strengths of the enterprise."

Especially in the industry to move quickly to the current stage of maturity, brand and channel advantages for downstream applications enterprises should flow, the first step in the industrial chain to make deep integration, the quest for excellence with LED qualities partner, the future only in the LED era will lead the initiative.

More info you can visit:www.lead-lighting.com

led:2013 years！Let us see progress in the LED Lighting

MOCVD equipment supply determines the overall industry supply. Aixtron and Veeco's MOCVD equipment accounted for 90% of total global MOCVD above, which also determines the LED industry will not repeat the photovoltaic industry serious excess capacity formula.
In 2011, 57% of new MOCVD equipment in China, the domestic LED high bay light investment is clearly overheating. However, with the local government subsidies for MOCVD equipment phasing (800-1200 yuan subsidy for each), the domestic investment boom has gone MOCVD. Has signed an agreement subsidized chip companies, the largest amount of subsidies the most competitive enterprises, because of its largest production equipment and almost free to get. This first-mover advantage makes latecomer disadvantage in the competition, future industry will be fewer and fewer new entrants.
Potential demand for LED lighting applications is the LED backlight applications several times. LED lighting is currently already have commercial application feasibility, along with countries in 2012 and 2013 to phase out incandescent lighting market ushered in the start of the critical point.
From the perspective of product substitution, incandescent disable most direct start is energy saving lighting products, but in the end the demand side, there are some directly into the LED high bay light needs, because the LED energy-saving, no flicker, and no mercury advantage. Engineering LED that began in mid-2012, High Power LED bulb and other needs rapid increase will occur in response to end-market demand brought incandescent disabled.
From the pace of investment, the short term recommendation LED packaging technology leader Ruifeng power, Hongli Opto-electronic and lighting companies sunlight lighting; longer term, LED manufacturing attribute strong, with the scale and brand advantages companies such as three safety optoelectronics, dry according to optical profitability will be highlighted.

More info you can visit: www.lead-lighting.com

Global LED lighting specification will be gradually implemented since 2013

LED gradually into indoor and outdoor lighting market, LED lighting prices have sharply declined, but has also led to uneven quality of many problems, it was noted that country have set LED high bay light specification, a number of mandatory lighting standards from 2012 onwards on the road, will be expected to accelerate the elimination of inferior vicious competition, and thus promote the LED lighting market reshuffle.
As the LED lighting applications are increasingly common and diversified, Taiwan's "Ministry of Economic Affairs' Bureau of Standards, have worked in recent years, a number of standards for LED lighting, LED lights normative following the footsteps of the leading countries in the world announced by the end of 2010 and issued three common LED interior lighting standards, including LEDT8 straight tube lamp, LED flood light, and light steel frame light (including plate lights), etc., the industry pointed out that, although the relevant standards have been set, but the LED lights after years of promotion, until 2012 is expected to expand to install, as the Government Importing slow plus budgeted operations, estimated to be 2013 to 2014, we expect to release procurement tenders.
Despite the development of LED industry in full swing, but because of the large regional differences in climate and environment, so the industry standard has not yet entered the national standard project, led by the respective provinces to promote establishment of regional standards for LED lighting, but it was noted that the NDRC will soon be through the LED lighting technology specification to indoor LED downlights for priority projects, is expected to be finalized in the technical specifications, the 2012 five-year plan in China, driven by central grants announced LED interior lighting will be expected to expand the implementation of the financial plan.
As for the LED lighting products enter the EU must pass CE certification, while taking into account the electromagnetic radiation may cause harm to the human body, the European Union also announced that starting in 2013, to enforce the human body electromagnetic radiation standards of safety.
With the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency announced in October 2011 the new solid-state lighting and lighting products to market norms, the industry pointed out that the recent concern LM-80 bad light test, expected to increase from April 2012 onwards to enforce the new norms on the road after coming North American market luminaire manufacturers will give priority to purchase verified through LM-80 LED products, for unverified Taiwan LED packaging and die factory, fear of the future into the U.S. market will suffer obstacles.
As the light fades LM-80 and subject to verification 6,000 hours of testing, consuming up to 6 to 8 months, part of the LED high bay light industry believes, LED products, specifications and technical advances, after a long few months later, LED lighting validation criteria may well will change, so hold this certification remains in doubt, but Taiwan's Industrial Technology Research Institute said that, LM-80 is considered a ticket to enter the U.S. market, the manufacturer must be issued LM-80 (LED lumen maintenance) test report certificate in order to achieve the Energy Star mark,

Currently Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, (IES) has also been set out LM-80 light attenuation testing standards, not only for LED application products provide measurement standards, but also provide consumers with quality assurance, will become the world's common testing standards.


More info you can visit: www.lead-lighting.com

LED lights price is expected to improve permeability

Our data show that, instead of the traditional 60-watt incandescent bulb LED high bay light , the average retail price of a marked decline in December last year, the monthly average price fell by 16%, while the lowest price reached $ 18.9. In replacing the traditional 40-watt incandescent bulbs LED bulbs categories, manufacturers of the products the lowest market price of $ 11.1.
To replace 60-watt goods component, prices fell in December last year, the most obvious difference is that the Korean market, the U.S. market and the Japanese market. Among them, South Korea has also appeared in $ 18.9, the lowest price.
To replace 40-watt goods component, prices fell in December last year, the most obvious is still the Japanese market, is still the most competitive in Korea, the current lowest price of approximately $ 11.1.
Changes in the retail price of LED bulbs in larger or replace traditional 60 watt commodity parts. Since this a specification of goods in the market, accounting for the largest bulb, is relatively close to the main lighting source specifications, so each brand manufacturers are all active layout card position in the hope that the more commodity price advantage to expand the market.
In fact, the high price of LED high bay light penetration rate has been one of the reasons is not high. We believe that as the global LED upstream and midstream chip packaging stage overcapacity and fierce competition in downstream applications, LED bulb prices are decreasing.
2012 EU moratorium incandescent, China, the United States, Canada, Australia and other countries will gradually ban incandescent lamps. LED light bulb price decline will promote LED lighting across the globe to accelerate applications and enhance the size of the LED market, the whole industry chain of the LED listed companies will constitute a positive.
Investment advice: stocks, we recommend the upstream three safety optoelectronics, Silan; midstream Ruifeng power, Hongli Opto-electronic; downstream Chau Ming Technology, Kingsun so on. (Warburg Securities)
Beware become a new source of pollution to promote energy-saving lamps LED lights also required environmental
As a substitute for incandescent lamps, energy saving lamps can not only saving for residents, while energy consumption by reducing thermal power plants to reduce carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions, has multiple purposes.
However, behind all the benefits, energy-saving lamps in the phase-out and update the environmental pressures, but few people are concerned. Recently, some experts have called on the government to promote energy-saving lamps at the same time, it must be done in the environmental handling "one step ahead" to avoid energy-saving lamps become a new source of pollution.
Hidden behind a large saving in the general consciousness, energy-saving lamps is often environmentally friendly, power-saving synonymous. However, very few people would know that if once in large scale, while they did not get enough attention on post-processing, then the already fragile ecological environment, energy-saving lamps is likely to be another huge sources of pollution. And all this is entirely because of energy-saving lamps contained an ingredient: mercury.
Department learned from the lighting industry, is currently limited by the manufacturing process, energy-saving lighting products will inevitably be a bit of mercury, that is, we called mercury ingredients. Despite a general energy-saving lamps are usually only 0.5 milligrams of mercury, but that this small amount of mercury, pollute the environment, "power" is staggering - 1 milligram of mercury into the ground, about 360 tons of water can cause pollution, thus calculated, an energy-saving LED high bay light,  such as improper disposal of waste, may eventually contaminate 90 tons to 180 tons of water and the surrounding soil.
According to the environmental protection departments of the responsible person, at present in the same time to promote energy-saving lamps, energy-saving lamps for waste treatment, but rarely get attention and publicity. For many people waste energy-saving lamps, often the same as ordinary household waste, fling trouble. Conceivable in which mercury enters the soil being, over time, will soon become the new "environmental killer."
Overseas experience to draw
Since the energy-saving lamps may cause such a huge environmental problems, then we should abandon the use of energy-saving lamps? The answer is clearly no. From a technical and management two ways, we are not hard to find ways to make energy-saving lamps in energy while minimizing environmental pollution effective way.

Experts, in Western countries, for energy-saving lamp recycling work very seriously and has a corresponding norms. U.S. Environmental Protection Law requires waste to the original owner of responsibility for their own waste in the end, which is fundamentally curb the arbitrary disposal phenomenon. There are seven states in the United States have legislation banning the conventional energy-saving fluorescent light bulbs directly on the garbage bag, while in the year specified period of time to deal with a specific energy-saving fluorescent light bulbs used to facilitate residents.
And our neighbor Japan, due to the narrow people, environmental pressures, it is a fluorescent lamp recycling has made the world's most comprehensive regulations. Apart from the government set up a special collection points, the Japanese people there are also a large number of energy-saving fluorescent light bulb recycling agency. In Hokkaido, waste battery recycling and disposal of fluorescent lamps, or even 93% is collected by non-governmental environmental organizations, while the remaining 7% by the manufacturer responsible for the collection. In Sweden and Germany and other European countries, too, through the marketing system recovery and community recycling two parallel channels to the recycling of waste energy-saving lamps.
Antifouling needed sources of corruption
Advanced experience from abroad, to control energy-saving lamps of mercury pollution, the source from the production chain must strengthen management, through the detection and assessment of the environmental protection department, the implementation of the production responsibility system and extend it through the government propaganda and corporate propaganda and other means , so that residents will be able to buy energy-saving lamps learned how to recycle waste energy-saving lamps and other considerations.
At the same time, the authorities should also increase investment in various communities and Lighting sales points wide collection points set up retirement saving lamps and energy-saving lamps to establish sentinel of waste recycling centers, and even can be appropriately used government subsidies "TM" methods to encourage residents to use the old lamp energy saving lamp exchange for a new, fundamentally prevent the spread of pollution sources to ensure energy saving lamps for residents, while environmental governance no longer a "time bomb."


More info you can visit：www.lead-lighting.com

Resultant force grabbing LED highlands

Semiconductor lighting (LED) is a third-generation semiconductor materials produced by the light source and display devices with low power consumption, long life, clean, rich colors, controllability, and other characteristics, is a lighting and light-industrial revolution. When the number of R & D strength in international business through mutual "patent license" international competition for the right to speak at the same time, China's semiconductor lighting industry is also deployed to the "Union" as the core of the organization of the "Collaborative Innovation" initiative.
Experts said that the future of China's LED high bay light applications market has great potential, as the world's most populous country and fastest growing economy, significant market size and mature industrial base for the development of China's LED lighting industry can be expected to bring the market prospects.
At the same starting line with international
China has established a complete research system, initially formed from the upstream epitaxial materials and chip preparation, midstream and downstream integration application device package more complete technical innovation chain and promote substantive cooperation in upstream and downstream, and some key technologies have made breakthrough.
2010, China's industrialization of high-power LED high bay light effect to narrow the gap with the international advanced level to 2023, the package reached the international advanced level in the international debut of the LED chip with independent intellectual property rights, and to achieve industrialization, the next generation core technology, our country and internationally at the same starting line, such as the development of deep UV LED devices at the international advanced level.
China in the field of semiconductor lighting number of patent applications increased rapidly in recent years, in 2010, China's LED-related patent applications accounted for 27% of the global number 2001-2009 average growth rate of 33%, significantly higher than the global average, and downstream applications patent applications have obvious advantages, patent applications accounted for 76% of the total number, including roads and other functional lighting applications is an international leader.
From CSA to ISA "collaborative innovation"
National Semiconductor Lighting Project R & D and Industry Alliance (CSA) is the support and guidance of the Ministry of Science, in the semiconductor lighting industry from the domestic backbone enterprises and research institutes, such as in accordance with the "voluntary, equality and cooperation" principle initiated the establishment, has been development to 272 member units, including the downstream industry chain, from overseas well-known enterprises and research institutions. CSA through extensive regional and international cooperation, and actively expand the semiconductor lighting standards, testing, application areas such as international exchanges and cooperation continue to expand international exchanges and cooperation in the semiconductor lighting breadth and depth, speed up the construction of semiconductor lighting industry standard system, prepared by the Organization lights, tunnel lights technical specifications have been adopted by the three ministries tender, downlights, spotlights technical specification is project for four national standards.
With CSA as the main sponsor, the joint United States, Australia and New Zealand, the Netherlands, South Korea, India and Taiwan semiconductor lighting industrial organization in October 2010 established the "International Semiconductor Lighting Alliance (ISA)", 54 House members in eight Association and Society, 15 academic institutions and 31 enterprises, their geographical distribution covering Asia, Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand. Authorities believe that industry alliance enhances China's semiconductor lighting industry's international competitiveness, has won international voice in the future to the ISA this platform to further strengthen international cooperation.
At present, China lead and assume the presidency of the ISA International Union has achieved initial progress of the work, including the establishment of "international standard technical committee" to develop "global semiconductor lighting industry development blueprint."


More info you can visit: www.lead-lighting.com

China successfully developed the LED interior lighting package technology with MCOB

January 31, held in Putian, Fujian Academy "LED high bay light with low cost and high efficiency improved MCOB packaging materials and technology integration" achievements appraisal meeting, expert appraisal committee agreed that the technology has a complete independent intellectual property rights and has achieved large-scale industrialization, product technical indicators have reached the international advanced level.

The group agreed that, after long-term basic research and engineering application research, the results of key materials through packaging design and development, the formation of new materials based on improved multi-functional, multi-cup, multi-chip (MCOB) package of innovative integration technology, significantly improve the light efficiency, effectively reducing the cost of key materials and made major breakthroughs in key technologies with independent intellectual property rights, and has achieved scale industrialization.

Since 2009, the Chinese Academy FIRSM Optoelectronics Technology Co., Ltd. and Fujian IMC co-launched the MCOB packaging materials and structures industrial manufacturing technology research and development, and now, it developed a light efficiency lighting products have reached the international advanced level, while the price is only 30% of the market similar products. 2012, the use of this technology has achieved an annual output of 1.5 million LED bulb and one million LED fluorescent strip.

The Group believes that this results from the packaging material to form a package structure are complete independent intellectual property rights, including four innovative technologies:

First, the design and development of a multi-functional high-reflectance optical ceramic thin aluminum plates, as MCOB package substrate materials, there are usually resolved silver film yellowing problem, breaking the thermal insulation barrier, improve the substrate reflectivity and light luminous efficiency, simplifying the packaging structure, lamps reduce the total cost more than a quarter. Application of the substrate MCOB package technology enables LED bulb whole lighting effect 153.37Lm / W, color rendering index of 82.8, LED fluorescent strip the whole lighting effect 154.72Lm / W, color rendering index of 70.2.

Second, the first to use cast molding process developed composite laminated composite alumina ceramic substrate, to achieve a high diffuse reflectance and high thermal conductivity, high resistance to electrical breakdown resistance, high reliability, performance and other advantages of the combination, effectively improve the efficiency of the light source and optical quality, to solve the ordinary alumina ceramic substrate, a low reflection, low heat conductivity problems. The application of the composite ceramic substrate MCOB package technology to achieve the LED high bay light whole lighting effect 149.97Lm / W, color rendering index of 82.5, LED fluorescent strip the whole lighting effect 141.2Lm / W, color rendering index of 69.8.

Third, through innovative technology and crystal field modulation techniques, preparation of starting wavelength tunable, no surface defects, high quantum efficiency, low light decay, close to the theoretical value of the transmittance of a new generation of fluorescent material - transparent ceramic garnet-type structure phosphor using this new transparent ceramic phosphors MCOB package, significantly improve the light reliability and efficiency, simplifying the assembly structure, reducing costs, solving the normally present phosphor and packaging adhesive caused by the aging of the color drift and light decay problems. Meanwhile, the first proposed and used a double-sided light package structure at low current drive to achieve a multi-chip package structure light source efficiency 261Lm / W.

Fourth, the adoption of improved MCOB technology integration (including the above three kinds of substrate and chip packaging technology post-processing technology, power technology, ceramic cooling fins technology, high thermal underfill technology, etc.) form a low-cost, high-efficiency LED light source and lighting technology package , LED products, lower costs more than a quarter, 50% efficiency, performance indicators international leader.

The Group recommends that need further accelerate technology popularization and application, especially transparent fluorescent ceramic technology industry applications, and expand the industrial scale, to enhance China's LED lighting industry's core competitiveness.

More info you can visit: www.lead-lighting.com

Ten times the price difference with indefinable quality LED lighting is not easy to consume for the consumer

Energy conservation, has been a strong advocate of the direction of the country, in household products, such a concept is also not uncommon in recent years is the rise of a wave of LED energy boom. But by the end of 2012, the State Bureau of Quality Supervision, the State Administration of Quality Supervision, Trade and Industry Bureau checks across the LED lighting products, energy saving lamps, road lighting, fire emergency lighting and electric light, etc. The results show: LED high bay light products pass rate was 51% .
To understand the present, Chengdu lighting LED lighting products on the market situation, the reporter walked into Chengdu, several professional lighting market and some home stores.

Price differences can not tell where your
Reporter to consumers who walked around in the market which, basically every business has different brands of LED lighting product sales, huge price differences between different products. To 4 watt LED spotlights example, the price from 15 yuan to the hundred dollars. Guangdong small factories producing basic price of 15-40 yuan, domestic brands cost about 70 yuan, while foreign brands such as Philips, Osram and other costs more than hundred dollars.
Reporters ask your dealer price differences so great cause, businesses simply said "quality is not the same." Come up with a 15 yuan a merchant and a $ 30 LED Spotlight demonstrated to reporters. Energized, pointing to one of a merchant, said: "Many of the light should be bright, the quality will certainly be better." And in another business at the same phenomenon, but pointed to the darker merchants LED lights, said: "Soft Light non-glare, quality was better, "and stated that with bright after six months will become very dark, reach lighting needs ......
Two completely different businesses say, the reporters get confused. For the life of the product, lighting market businesses mostly propaganda that "Use time in more than 10,000 hours, the family life should be more than eight years," but Correspondingly, the warranty period generally provided only 1 - 2 years, so to say, life seems to have become a "theoretical concept."

The average consumer is difficult to identify good or bad quality
With LED lighting products for many doubts, the reporter interviewed many years engaged in LED products sold Lo. He told reporters, from the perspective of actual use, LED light quality from color temperature, power, life expectancy to evaluate. Some showcase LED lights used in the color temperature is relatively high, to ensure that the LED light irradiation, the color of the exhibits are not distorted, while the family is more important is to use the power and life, and these indicators, only with professional equipment to the determination of the average consumer is difficult to identify just by comparing the quality of the product is good or bad. "LED market is so chaotic, sometimes we did not even know themselves what is good in the end product, which is inferior. Manufacturers have said, we can only drift dealers earn a little money." Lo said with resignation. Indeed, from the current market situation, LED high bay light products, price confusion and product quality cohabitation has become the biggest factors hinder consumer choice.
Subsequently, the reporter interviewed the ongoing efforts to promote LED lighting products, IKEA, the relevant responsible person said, Ikea plans to 2016, all the lighting products are put LED lights. From a professional point of view, LED lights do have a lot of advantages because, unlike ordinary incandescent lamp, LED lamp energy saving 85%, increase the service life of 20 years. But the official also said that the domestic household LED lighting products in the consumer market still appears to be less mature, how to get more consumers to understand and accept LED lighting products, and learn to choose ripe specification of LED products, there is still a way go, need the concerted efforts of the entire industry.


More info you can visit: www.lead-lighting.com

Development Trend of Energy - Saving LED lights become the future operation of the Shadowless lamp

In recent years, the health needs of the residents and income level to enhance the level of driving under the rapid development of the field of operating room equipment, new equipment after another, manufacturers increasingly fierce competition.

The launch of the Draeger led technology-based shadowless operating theater is bound to further promote this competition. The shadowless led highbay light can provide spectral range with uniform light similar to natural light for surgery and endoscopic surgery, the focus can be achieved without deep cavity illumination, and the service life of up to 30,000 hours, nearly 15 times more than halogen lamps.

Draeger Greater China sales director Lixin Shen said that, Draeger Medical lighting as the world's leading suppliers of equipment, has been committed to the development of new medical lighting technology, the Polaris100/200 series of product launches, making it more Chinese customers have the ability to enjoy these high-tech, for a variety of surgical providing quality technical support, and to improve the quality of surgery, especially small and medium-scale hospital surgical quality will make a significant contribution, and ultimately improve patient satisfaction.

From a technical point of view indicators, Polaris200 outer diameter of 620mm, a total integrated 66 led lights, maximum brightness can reach 160klux. Polaris100 CPC integrated 48 LED lights - the same diameter as Polaris200 - maximum brightness can reach 120klux. Both models are dimmable 40klux. In endoscopic surgery, required by the additional LED lights provide ambient light, while the main lights will be turned off.

Each LED highbay lights are embedded in a special lens reflector system to gather light. Eventually, a uniform beam diameter of 200mm, 750mm to provide illumination depth (60% of the maximum intensity of the L1 + L2). Polaris100 and Polaris200 focus adjustment can be repeated without providing deep cavity illumination.

In terms of color reproduction, when a color temperature of 5,600 K when (equivalent to noon of natural light), Polaris100 and Polaris200 are guaranteed to provide more real contrast and natural color, allowing the doctor to get the most for dissecting tissue intuitive understanding, obtain the most accurate diagnostic results.

Temperature control, according to data provided by Draeger, according to its own R & D thermal control system, in a long time, you can make sure the lamp temperature does not exceed 35 degrees Celsius.

On the overall strength of purpose, Draeger the release of the new breakthrough lighting product line of its original single type of update speed lag shackles to new LED shadowless fully backward products, made no small progress. And new in life, color control, cost control, etc. have a good performance, its market performance worth the wait.

More info you can visit: www.lead-lighting.com

Where is the depth resolution channels of LED Lighting direction?

Currently, along with advances in technology, led lighting products are gradually entering the mainstream lighting field, the market demand is poised to enter a critical period. Meanwhile huge market prospects also stimulate foreign and domestic enterprises to seize the lighting market, competition has become increasingly fierce. "Channel is king, brave first", LED high bay light in the butt customers rely on channels, distributors of LED lighting products, acceptance and promotion efforts is the premise of industry growth, channel building is also an important catalyst product being promoted.

Many companies played: "Recruitment agents at home and abroad", "Recruitment agents" and other slogans, reflecting the LED lighting business building efforts in the channel, but the reality is that these companies are facing in this regard heavy pressure and resistance difficult.

LED lighting business channels can be divided into: Engineering (invisible) channel and distribution (distribution) channels, the Channel customers are mostly governments, corporations often play a "comprehensive service provider" role, need to coordinate many relationship, full follow-up . The disadvantage of this model is decentralized projects, long term capital returns.

Distribution channels need to use distributors, agents, joined other partners to end customers to achieve sales model, this model has the advantage of fast layout, product marketing network "everywhere", and quickly occupied areas of consumption, while the company can save marketing costs. Disadvantage is that the dealer's profitability and loyalty can not control, and if there is not enough temptation investment policy, or shortly after joining is not profitable, dealers have to evacuate or turned on is also a common phenomenon.

Whether or self-built channels to help dealers develop engineering and distribution market, channel development are the focus of every business and focus. Many companies are concerned about and attention to investment channels, through our research, enterprise channel construction problems encountered are more concentrated in the following areas:

A lack of experience: LED lighting is an emerging industry, and its strong industry characteristics, with little experience to draw on, there is no viable investment channels constitution to follow.

2, low awareness: Many consumers do not really understand led lamps, LED industry in general awareness is not high, which directly led to many dealers lack of confidence; store of LED products not fully recognized and accepted, LED now opened stores, showrooms display function is greater than channel construction functions.

3, too few product categories: current LED high bay light product range is relatively small, not enough to hold up the store, when consumers do not have much choice, it is a lot of LED brand has yet to shops to buy the main reason.
4, product prices are generally high: This is the LED channel investment bottlenecks, constrained by high prices, causing many consumers led lamps "arm's length", so companies want to lower the threshold to fit consumers can accept the price.

5, the service system has not been formed: Once a channel is formed, it means that the LED from production to sales all the links must be done smoothly, but the LED industry professional talent less, whether it is a professional sales staff or maintenance staff are very scarce, shortage of talent at the same time in many dealers taking into account regional operations can not be determined by various factors, and has yet to carry out investment layout.

6, the product quality inconsistencies: the market downturn led to increasingly fierce competition at the same time, a number of irregularities have begun to rise, some of the companies are not responsible for inferior products to attract consumers through "hooked" Consumers do not have the expertise to take advantage of the characteristics of low quality LED products flooding the market, resulting in adverse effects and negative user's word of mouth publicity.

In addition to the above reasons, the social environment of the led business impact is obvious. Real estate a great impact on related industries, including the lighting market, resulting in reduced profit margins operators, since last year on the show deserted state lighting market, a direct impact to the LED lighting market.

The LED lighting industry is also true in the investment boom, the market cold state, channel development requires good business model and financial support, companies will consider their own discretionary funds occupancy, for channel construction holds calm attitude.

So, in this difficult process of blocking layers, LED enterprises should be how to improve its channel building?

More info you can visit: www.lead-lighting.com

Secret of industry unspoken rules and gain points

1 hospital doctors prescribe medication rebates, if you open 4 to 5 boxes, the price of 20 or so, then the rebate about 4 to 5 yuan. Pharmacies hair probably about 0.5 yuan per box (fear of doctors fiddling, statistics)

(2) to see a doctor to prescribe you the main component (say they have enough money, let him open a little less) the main ingredient in accordance with the instructions to the pharmacy to buy, named to the cheapest, pharmacy not recommended. Possible according to the CCTV advertising ever bought (not how good, but not bad)

3 specialty pharmaceutical profits is normal, but such as cold medicine, cold medicine pharmacy recommended hodge-profit 1000%, 1000%, you're not wrong is 1 to 2 yuan basic purchase price, selling price 10 to 20 yuan.

4 If not special for some anti-inflammatory drugs, the spectrum antibacterial drugs, then do not buy cephradine (Pioneer 6) buy cephalexin (Pioneer on the 4th). So the body of viruses, bacteria resistance to antibiotics will reduce, in a nutshell, after eating the 4th no effect, and can be eaten on the 6th. Hospitals, pharmacies would recommend you buy the 6th, as the 6th expensive and high profits.

5 Ladies and attention, all the whitening products is that all are lead and mercury, these two chemicals are toxic to humans. The same hair.

6 buy shoes attention, selling sports shoes if no suitable size, the small crowd he would say wearing new shoes two days just fine, big easy perspiration would say, not to hurt the foot, the right is just right a little bit tight.

7 sportswear basic cost about 25%.

8 supplements the basic material costs by 5%.

9 fresh food supermarket basically no profit, but higher margin merchandise.

10 napkins expired can be recycled to make insoles, vacuum-packed meat as long as no deterioration can be done Sausage, Sausage expired ham can be done.

11 supermarket candy packaged beef if relatively soft palate, which is usually less pork to do, very hard to do a good pork, taste bad. There may be dead meat floss made.

12 Roufu so-so delicate and delicious jerky is garbage, do not eat.

13 Most milk reconstituted milk, Mengniu, Yili La a train down package may do, if not near cities milk, milk powder are transported to a nearby water rushing. (Reconstituted milk)

14 milk shelf life of only 7 days you can rest assured to buy milk to drink.

15 boneless chicken eating some factories are out of your mouth.

16 A lot of people like to eat pickled fish, but the sauerkraut is done using industrial renege, contain large amounts of nitrite, are carcinogenic, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer is caused because of this.

17 home improvement, the largest sources of drugs is wall putty, glue mixing with cement or plaster 801, 801 glue what is this stuff? Tired formaldehyde condensation product! Which is full of formaldehyde.

The second source is the poison furniture, in addition to exports, IKEA sold, all of formaldehyde exceeded.

The third source is the poison Blockboard, do not believe what E0 standard, domestic do, but the price is very high, in fact, E1 enough.

18. Shenzhou notebook computers sold cheaper, because all the parts are not defective big brands, as well as all of the cottage phone accessories are also inferior, quality and international brands immeasurably

19 Sixty percent of shampoo room has a J side of the liner, and sometimes also miss another point guns, grab a commission one hundred to three hundred clients, depending on how much look fine

20 Now apples, peaches basic will put a paper bag, put in a little time, will not be stained with organophosphorus pesticides, so buy peaches and apples when looking to buy skin color is very bright, as though bad eat, but relatively safe point

Eat grapes, autumn was Cuihong's. . . Definitely not a good thing, sprayed with red dot will be very Yan

21 inverter air conditioner is flicker, only in a closed room, continuous work six hours or more to saving than ordinary air.

You look at the appliances to the countryside there is no conversion of the ~ ~ ~ ~ touches Changhong "three high" this "non-mainstream" constant frequency was much ~ ~ ~ ZF is not fried, and usually know that "conversion" is a flicker, also an eye, close one eye gone, but this is the real thing, and it seriously!

22 and I made our home in the village finances a good relationship, often to chat with him! Revenue growth to talk to, I say that we feel at home income in recent years has not changed! Why NBS data are growing too! He said, "fart, every year the town forced to let us grow 10%, you do not have to increase growth, so we just compiled the data."

23.MTK program phone (some domestic brands also use this program) cost price, only 300-400RMB.

5.1 channel home stereo (with amplifier) ​​cost price is also only 600-800RMB.

Some brand clothing, priced at 600 or so, in fact, the cost (material + labor) also 60 or so.

24 I do cosmetics, in fact, whether expensive or cheap, imported or domestically produced cosmetics, the main ingredients are the same, the cost is the same, but are not good for the skin, such as sunscreen products, but in which added oily substances, ultraviolet reflected away, but these oily substances can clog the pores, the skin becomes dry. other so-called anti-wrinkle are deceptive. want good skin, healthy, drink plenty of water, more massage you can the.

25. The world face of Samsung, Hitachi, IBM mobile hard disk, 99% are bulk 2.5-inch hard drive with a few false boxes in Shenzhen to get from the sale of hard disk box.

But this seems to have little effect, than to buy a regular HDD worthwhile more ~ ​​~ ~ ~ ~ ~ buy mobile hard disk, it is best to buy a bulk of 25, plus a few dozen blocks of the box, cheaper than buying decent several one hundred. . . In fact, the quality of the same ~ ~

26 We are doing furniture factory, export, foreigners are BT, furniture from the packaging materials are required to do the test, but a test of the documents on the failure within a few weeks! Quality really impress, Looking at the domestic suggest that the best time to buy furniture to request a certificate issued by a harmless material and paint test certificate, in case of a problem can this claim, a lot of furniture in question is nowhere claims Because there is no evidence of a problem because the material is being held accountable material manufacturer! Including sheet metal, paint, metal parts!

27 household water purification equipment

Granular activated carbon filter adsorption filter performance is minimal; almost all domestic carbon filter extrusion, and the toner is used in low-end shell charcoal, and more particularly those with coal. Almost adsorption effect is O, and the impurities of coal not as many do not. Low price best not to use the filter, you may as well add a stainless steel strainer.

Household water purification equipment in the daily pressure, the greater the flow, the poorer the performance.

RO reverse osmosis water rate of about 50%, meaning that filter out minerals, concentrated to half of all microorganisms in wastewater, only rushing toilet.

28. Lawsuit directly to the trial judge is better to spend less than the lawyer as soon as possible, but two judges can not eat now too risky to judge only help the first few judges got that one will help you to make a direct illegal things just like to tell you how to do the same lawyer will get the most benefit but oh low charges

29 I am the rail industry is now the Chinese media reported the uproar of the new high-speed railway line to do the Beijing-Tianjin line, said the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed rail is the localization of these are in fact imported European parts of a Fortune 500 company in China assembly becomes a localization of the railway line. Zan country lazy to even a large number of large cables are imported from Europe

30 I am the civil aviation, the recent so-called China's own production of large aircraft, in fact, the engine is a foreigner, the electrical equipment is a foreigner, only shell is made in the future, just a point of failure, or as to the higher price of foreign aircraft materials

31. University woman was QJ is security research. . .

32 in front of department stores laundering, said Wei Huo deal, in fact, all from a large wholesale market into the worst of goods, such as 12 yuan a shirt (packaging is very beautiful), selling 28 a, Wear two weeks to go back up, one day you can wash hundreds of thousands of pieces of crazy, oh.

33 LCD costs: the 19-inch widescreen (cost 82 yuan or so a little bit *), many domestic brands (including television) are used in the basic 'boulder' tube ...... (boulder in Panyu District, famous line up)

Like Samsung, Philipp, BenQ (PC) costs about 140 yuan a

34 In fact, some of the so-called windfall profits do not necessarily how much money, does not represent a high profit margin is high.

Figuratively, an electronic products, such as backgammon, reading machines, costs about $ 100, to an agent's wholesale price is about 250 yuan, the market retail price is 700-800 yuan.

Gross margin was 150 yuan manufacturers, ad spending accounts for about 10% of the retail price of 80 yuan, the agents there is a rebate, about 5%, and then deduct the cost of 100 tax ..... You see, the price of 800, like 800% right, only 20% less than the actual profit.

35 The most important is the lamp stands, and now most of the lamp factory, flour allow workers to buy their own tune, homemade lamp, how to tune it all depends on the feeling of the workers

Cheaper to get a good conscience sell ex-factory price is less than 10, more than 10 20 Wholesale and retail between words is 50-7,80. Most had to use this.

Bad conscience, homemade cottage lamp on claims to own R & D, do something nice mold, form only domestic quality is, as long as the country is still decent or not serious. Parents are willing to buy, you can sell a hundred more than two hundred. What level of domestic R & D, we all know, I will not say. In short, although the high cost than the above said points, but the price is very low.

But there are good, one is something to do with the lighting manufacturers also good, with the domestic as well as foreign, and very strict, of course, the best abroad. But these manufacturers rarely stands out, but the style is also less, the main business is not a lamp.

Another comparison is to use the large production of lamps and parts, also in this light between 100-300, the quality is very good. The best is to use the Osram lamp. But such manufacturers is relatively small, because selling prices are similar, but the manufacturers profit is relatively thin, so many prefer to do their own factory lamps and parts, as long as the exterior design look good on the big money.

Although domestic Philips more widely recognized, but no Osram Philips really good. OSRAM is a subsidiary of Germany's Siemens, the lighting industry is the first bar. Horizon may know a lot of friends Germany's industrial, to the meticulous rigor of their products, both domestic industrial goods compared to China, is simply rubbish. I'm not fawning, is the truth, because previous exposure Siemens industrial products. Understand people feel relatively cold heart, the gap is too big.

In short, do not buy less than 100 stands, it hurts the eyes.

It is best to buy imported, or else buy a big brand with a lamp and parts, then again, Osram lamp best.

35 I do pet health care:

Medicine: Many pet diseases can all be judged by direct experience, are now doing as a test laboratory CDV.CPV judge for themselves whether accurate basis, blood in urine routine biochemical tests. Basically for RMB. Most hospitals now are the first laboratory tests was done to give the pet to do routine checks.

Surgery. Now major surgery are generally skeletal fixation. Thoracic surgery a class of these basic cost of surgery is generally quite low, but the charge was scary, but surgery is generally technical content on the inside, so most of this fee. (If to surgery, surgery ridiculously high, basically the hospital would not do this surgery, bravado)

Drugs. Burst point, and now China's pet market to do when medical disease mostly people use drugs, you look a needle two needle inconspicuous, charge you a 10. 20 piece of cake, in fact, that the cost of more than one needle dollars basically useless, interferon antibodies · · · phytohemagglutinin interleukins, with the guests said a bunch, basically into the pharmacies are the same drugs , especially intravenous infusion, charging expensive injectable drug carriers are basically G.

36 I am the media, fundamental reporters now are clear rules of gray income. Attend industry events, conferences, whether good or bad organizers must bribe one person, 300-1000 range. Not given, not only do not give the news, look to the chance you will be on the negative. You have seen righteous rhetoric, for the people are basically accident reports avenge party did not give money, give money to the impossibility of the newspapers, unless it is more likely than the paper in the fire. Several fast hardware like Southern Television programs are basically just saying no, we have a local developer has not produced evidence to the owners, the owners in the local media of complaint, to find this television column group, useless

37 I have a relative are selling clothes, selling all of which are shipped over from the south coast side's foreign foreign garbage (that foreigners do not throw old clothes), mostly in sweaters and jackets, each style each section are Only one, two or three dollars a buy is in the holly leaf wholesale price is 10-20 yuan a, then the retailers not to say a few years ago not many such clothes in Hangzhou see, go for a walk a few days ago suddenly find that even the nearest grocer there are people in the sale, walking down the street night market was also selling at ten yuan a. just a few years ago not handled well, the clothes have heard how odor, which has a two-year foreign garbage odor smells basically nothing, and estimated processing method has been greatly improved. And when it comes to see that people are selling on the tag. Ten yuan a deliberately asked if the old, replied that the factory samples. Really chilling. Business nor possession.

38 If buying a house is impossible to find housing leakages repaired drops

So people who received the room when it rains to see your new house will know the housing problem.

Be sure to wrangle must use litigation to scare developers

Do not think that when you look at the model room small room furniture put what space also feel good

In fact, especially those of small sample room furniture is tailor made

Be sure to buy the amount of room size or put your furniture after you're waiting for it to hum

39 Pizza Hut also opened a long time, business was good, we are also more tired on the inside, as a large company's Pizza Hut Restaurant Group I think overall is good. Are now doing the stuff inside the production standard is good. But I stay in there for a long time also feel inadequate in some places, and in this to give you some suggestions to eat it.

Tuesday and Friday night do not eat, because the night to wash oven, washing oven is necessary to use 282 (a chemical acid bad for your health) This thing is Pizza Hut "three poisons" first. It is recommended that you try not to go in this time period.

20:00 Try not to go after, Pizza Hut will be closed at night, that is, things do start getting a cold storage freezer products but also to take, but also to brush, it is more chaos, a chaos it is easy to mistake this staff time will wearies, after a day of work are tired.

Wednesday afternoon and Saturday afternoon to eat is the best! ! ! Pizza Hut is Week 2 and Week 5 purchase, this time things can be said to be the freshest. And oil is relatively clean (the day before yesterday night filtration of oil)

Try not Takeout, because sometimes do more products, such as chicken wings, shrimp vanilla ah what may be hot next to you.

Eat Pizza Hut, you can say that any restaurant is unsanitary! Because people are inert, some standards or expectations is a good thing, but not everyone can follow it to do so. Particularly busy when we may be in much more likely to do the standard of baked chicken wings out of the ground but redo the customer will have opinions so sometimes it will pick up directly out of it. Another Pizza Hut Almost everything is frozen foods, fried and grilled stuff, after all, is not good for the body, though delicious, but try to eat as well. Do catering I realized that the cleanest home!

40.1 hot pot meatballs do not eat fish, in order to cost, are generally the goods into the rubbish. Not advanced from the supermarket. Those small underground factory in order to increase the Q of the (bomb crispness), have added a chemical substance (do not say, learn to avoid the bad guys), is simply not permitted food additive toxic. . 2 albus, in order to quickly fattening, is added to estrogen. In addition, in order to reduce costs, they acquired deterioration dead pigs dead dog ah what, directly put into the pond as feed. . 3 broilers is 45 days came out, are non-normal growth conditions, many farmers in order to prevent illness generally (under the condition that raising chickens is very easy to get sick), extensive use of antibiotics. Manufacturers of the products will be trusted. . 5 pigs, 180 days to slaughter (in the past two years raising). Extensive use of clenbuterol. That thing on the liver and kidney damage. . 6 Surface shiny red sausages, barbecue, all with a carmine, industrial pigment. . 7 must blisters, then eat vegetables, organic phosphorus (poison residues long) is the country are using, Shanghai and Beijing are not run. . 8 scattered selling cooked meat is best not to buy too much preservatives potassium sorbate is quite good, some with sodium benzoate (meat is not allowed). . 10 Bulk pickles Needless to say, pesticides are used in 11 fish do not buy green hair surface, can also make you clean up toxic (do not say why, avoid the bad guys learn)

41 Do you want to run a small company, directly to the streets of Investment Office, registered in their streets, they do not limit foreign capital every year mandate, will help you to run government departments, can save a lot of trouble over the Inland Revenue Department and Industry Bureau door brother is also convenient.

If you are engaged in domestic shipping, you can look for your local customs or border, usually they have seized smuggled oil, can save large sums of oil money.

Gome Yongle you go to the supermarket to buy home appliances, and salespeople can talk privately supplied by the dealer directly, not through supermarkets. Usually a little more discount.

The most profitable shopping malls, whatever clothing brand to approach it come to the mall to pay three percent more than a dozen, plus its own costs, labor and expense, we will know the true value of a piece of clothing is the number of

42.1, sour milk

Suggest little child to drink this stuff, first milk is poor, two low-nutrition (protein only 1.0), three is more than additive, citric acid, sweeteners, preservatives, flavors or something whole.

It is a lot of raw materials to expire or has expired whole milk do, supermarket whole milk will soon expire, manufacturers pull back, add water, sugar, sweeteners, flavors, preservatives, made of sour milk, who do not drink it.

Some of the worst places in the north, such as Shandong, Hebei and other places, bogus milk was rampant, not simply those small factory can make all kinds of sour milk, milk, milk white paint is used as white pigment tone, Proteins are amino acids (amino acids plus two years ago, now is probably a melamine) posing, and I've been to some of these plants, no one is not false, and most of them have not qualified production, very simple, small plants generally three individuals Some even the boss himself Boiler, called QS certification can get paid as little as a few million.

2, ice cream, cream popsicle

Milk used are generally the worst, who are ultimately substandard milk powder used in these products.

This regard, several years ago, × × (sponsored Olympics) is recognized in the industry refuse, as well as, Shandong dairy ice cream companies and small factories, like the sand, we wholesale when you can look at more carefully.

Also be careful as well as from Zhejiang, there is also very developed fraud, there is a very famous now a new fresh fresh × × Park (× Ice advertising) is false milk started, I saw him in the supermarket products never buy

3, whole milk or drink local milk generally good, the kind of shelf life of 45 days UHT milk nutrition lose too much, usually almost no manufacturers in order to increase the taste without adding other substances (harmless). Although the local is also added to milk some relatively assured, but after Sanlu this thing, I was on the point of a question mark or fight, hoping the situation timely publication of quality supervision departments.

In addition, the real pure milk drink up not as thick as the imagination, but sometimes like water, because the milk already 88% moisture content, if you drink some milk has been very strong, it is certainly a plus other things .

4, fermented yogurt generally okay, because the profits of yogurt can also be estimated fraud is not necessary. Recommended to drink the real estate, are the freshest. Unless there is the cold chain throughout the field, or over time, to our taste and nutrition is still influential. Also, do fermented yogurt, must be no anti-milk, that is not to fight antibiotic cows produced milk, and beat antibiotics fermented cow milk production base is not up, it is fermented product phase is also very poor, those who have a place for anti-milk also generally do popsicle ice cream Sour milk or something, because it is useful. As for anti-milk made from milk powder, used in more places, and we all think about what food to use milk.

Also, some people like to add fruit yogurt, I advise you do not need, do not do yogurt plus some fruit, fruit stalls directly to buy and eat more than good. Those fruit, but not fresh fruit added, you have to see them added to what it was like before, make sure you do not want to eat. Moreover, the addition of some fruit then price it a lot more expensive, it is worth!

43 Many units employ people (the so-called "informal workers", "no establishment"), did 8-9 years to open out you ... because 10 years of labor law employment of workers would have to sign indefinite contract, but woman to get pregnant to escape, so the woman was more in the eighth to open out ...

Refrigerator power is false, according to the conservation of energy, large refrigerator can not be too power. One day a degree of normal. 2-3 degrees have no problem.

Any capsules pack sugary beef jerky and the like, are dirty. Because it is hand-pack, the Tibetans did not wash their hands

44 SFC and fund managers to examine the company, the boss does not know where to find a number of people over 100, the three-storey plug packed, ha ha! As for performance Well, operating income 5 million margin of 15%, gross profit less, to be a project, the first marketing expenses, public relations expenses, to get there after slotting a single, individual agencies acceptance fees. Because it is the project's sake, so we will ask a lot of the construction team, a lot of aerial work without permits, special trade license, okay, take the money to buy it. Monthly few minor injuries, every six months a major injury, death of a year, the normal thing, there are 15 individual PR department responsible for this yet. Salary? Tell you what, just graduated from undergraduate 1500, masters 3000, leave? No problem anymore interview lined up outside Oh!

More info you can visit: www.lead-lighting.com